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.The Mongol invasion of Europe in the 13th century was the conquest of much of Europe by the. The first wave of invasions occurred from the 1220s into the 1240s. In, the Mongols destroyed, and such as. In, the Mongol armies launched a two-pronged invasion of, culminating in the (9 April 1241), and the, culminating in the (11 April 1241). Invasions also were launched into the against the and the. The operations were planned by General (1175–1248) and commanded by ( c. 1207–1255) and (d.
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Both men were grandsons of. Their conquests integrated much European territory into the empire of the. Warring European princes realized they had to cooperate in the face of a Mongol invasion, so local wars and conflicts were suspended in parts of central Europe, only to be resumed after the Mongols had withdrawn. After the initial invasions, subsequent raids and continued into the late 13th century. The Mongol army captures a cityordered Batu Khan to conquer Rus' in 1235.
The main force, headed by 's sons, and their cousins, and, arrived at in December 1237. Ryazan refused to surrender, and the Mongols sacked it and then stormed. Many Rus' armies were defeated; Grand Prince was killed on (March 4, 1238). Major cities such as, and were captured.Afterward, the Mongols turned their attention to the steppe, crushing the and the and sacking. Batu appeared in Kievan Rus' in 1239, sacking. The on December 6, 1240, and conquered.
Batu sent a small detachment to probe the before passing on to Central Europe. One column was routed by the Poles while the other defeated the Polish army and returned.The Mongols had acquired Chinese, which they deployed in battle during the invasion of Europe to great success.
Invasion of Central Europe The attack on Europe was planned and executed by Subutai, who achieved perhaps his most lasting fame with his victories there. Having devastated the various Rus' principalities, he sent spies into Poland and Hungary, and as far as eastern Austria, in preparation for an attack into the heartland of Europe. Having a clear picture of the European kingdoms, he prepared an attack nominally commanded by Batu Khan and two other familial-related princes. Batu Khan, son of, was the overall leader, but Subutai was the strategist and commander in the field, and as such, was present in both the northern and southern campaigns against Rus' principalities. He also commanded the central column that moved against Hungary. While 's northern force won the and army triumphed in, Subutai was waiting for them on the Hungarian plain.
The newly reunited army then withdrew to the river where they inflicted a decisive defeat on King at the. Again, Subutai masterminded the operation, and it would prove one of his greatest victories.Invasion of Poland. The Mongols at Liegnitz display the head of of the.The Mongols invaded Central Europe with three armies. One army defeated an alliance which included forces from and their allies, led by, in the. A second army crossed the and a third followed the. The armies re-grouped and crushed Hungary in 1241, defeating the Hungarian army at the on April 11, 1241. The devastating Mongol invasion killed half of Hungary's population.
The armies swept the plains of Hungary over the summer, and in early 1242 regained impetus and extended their control into. The Great Khan had, however, died in December 1241, and on hearing the news, all the 'Princes of the Blood,' against Subotai's recommendation, went back to Mongolia to.After sacking, Batu Khan sent a smaller group of troops to Poland, destroying and defeating an inferior Polish army. Other elements—not part of the main Mongol force—saw difficulty near the Polish-Galich border.The Mongols then reached Polaniec on the, where they set up camp. There, the attacked them with the remaining Cracovian knights, which were few in number, but determined to vanquish the invader or die. Surprise gave the Poles an initial advantage and they managed to kill many Mongol soldiers. When the invaders realized the actual numerical weakness of the, they regrouped, broke through the Polish ranks and defeated them.
During the fighting, many Polish prisoners of war found ways to escape and hide in the nearby woods. The Polish defeat was partly influenced by the initially successful Polish knights having been distracted by looting.Invasion of Czech lands After the defeat of the European forces at Legnica, the Mongols then continued pillaging throughout Poland's neighboring kingdoms, particularly. King fled back to protect his kingdom after arriving late and discovering the devastation the Mongols caused in those places; gathering reinforcements from and as he retreated. He stationed his troops in the mountainous regions of Bohemia where the Mongols wouldn't be able to utilize their cavalry effectively.By that time, the Mongolian forces had divided into two, one led by Batu and Subutai who were planning to invade, and another led by Baidar and Kadan who were ravaging their way through Silesia. When they arrived to attack, the kingdom's defenses discouraged them from attacking and they withdrew to the town of. A small force of Mongolians did attack but the Bohemian cavalry under Wenceslaus managed to fend them off.
The Mongols then tried to take the town of, but Wenceslaus managed to get the aid of Austrian Babenbergs and they repulsed the raid. A Mongol commander was captured in a sortie near Olomouc. Under Wenceslaus' leadership during the Mongol invasion, Bohemia remained one of a few European kingdoms that was never conquered and molested by the Mongols even though most kingdoms around it such as Poland and Moravia were ravaged. Such was his success that chroniclers sent messages to Emperor Frederick II of his 'victorious defense'.
After these failed attempts, Baidar and Kadan continued raiding Moravia before finally going southward to reunite with Batu and Subutai in.Invasion of Hungary. Main article:During the reign of Berke there was also a raid against. In the winter of 1265, the Bulgarian czar, Constantine Tych, requested Mongol intervention against the Byzantines in the Balkans. Led a Mongol raid of 20,000 cavalry (two tumens) against the territories of Byzantine eastern Thrace. In early 1265, confronted the Mongols, but his smaller squadron apparently had very low morale and was quickly routed. Most of them were cut down as they fled. Michael was forced to retreat to Constantinople on a Genoese ship while Nogai's army plundered all of Thrace.
Following this defeat, the Byzantine emperor made an alliance with the (which was massively beneficial for the latter), giving his daughter in marriage to Nogai. Michael also sent much valuable fabric to Golden Horde as tribute.Also during reign Thrace suffered raids in 1324 and 1337. Against Bulgaria (1271, 1274, 1280 and 1285) The successors of Tsar Ivan Asen II – the regency of Kaliman Asen I decided to pay tax to the. In 1271 Nogai Khan led a successful raid against the country, which was a vassal of the Golden Horde until the early 14th century.
Bulgaria was again raided by the Tatars in 1274, 1280 and 1285. In 1278 and 1279 Tsar lead the Bulgarian army and crushed the Mongol raids before being surrounded at. After a three-month siege, he managed to once again break through the elite Mongol forces, forcing them to retreat north of the Danube. In 1280 a rebellion inspired by Byzantium left without much support, and so he fled to 's camp, asking him for help before being killed by the Mongols. Tsar, however, became a Mongol vassal before the Mongol threat was finally ended with the reign of. Main article:In 1285 Nogai Khan led a raid of Hungary alongside.
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Nogai lead an army that ravaged with success: Cities like, and were plundered and ravaged. However Talabuga, who led the main army in Northern Hungary, was stopped by the heavy snow of the and the invading force was defeated near by the royal army of and ambushed by the in the return. Nogai's own column suffered serious casualties. As with later invasions, it was repelled handily, the Mongols losing much of their invading force. The outcome could not have contrasted more sharply with the 1241 invasion, mostly due to the reforms of, which included advances in military tactics and, most importantly, the widespread building of stone, both responses to the defeat of the Hungarian Kingdom in 1241. The failed Mongol attack on Hungary greatly reduced the Golden Horde's military power and caused them to stop disputing Hungarian borders.
Against Serbia (1291). Sverdrup, Carl (2010).
'Numbers in Mongol Warfare'. Journal of Medieval Military History. Boydell Press. 8: 109–17 p. 115.Further reading.
Allsen, Thomas T. (March 25, 2004). Cambridge UP. Atwood, Christopher P.
Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire (2004). Chambers, James. The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979).
Christian, David. A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire (Blackwell, 1998). Cook, David, 'Apocalyptic Incidents during the Mongol Invasions', in Brandes, Wolfram / Schmieder, Felicitas (hg), Endzeiten. Eschatologie in den monotheistischen Weltreligionen (Berlin, de Gruyter, 2008) (Millennium-Studien / Millennium Studies / Studien zu Kultur und Geschichte des ersten Jahrtausends n.
/ Studies in the Culture and History of the First Millennium C.E., 16), 293-312. Halperin, Charles J. Russia and the golden horde: the Mongol impact on medieval Russian history (, 1985). May, Timothy.
The Mongol conquests in world history (Reaktion Books, 2013). Morgan, David. The Mongols,. Nicolle, David. The Mongol Warlords, Brockhampton Press, 1998. Reagan, Geoffry.
The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles, Canopy Books, New York (1992). Saunders, J.J. The History of the Mongol Conquests, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1971,. Sinor, Denis (1999).
Journal of Asian History. 33 (1).;.
Vernadsky, George. The Mongols and Russia (, 1953). Halperin, Charles J. 'George Vernadsky, Eurasianism, the Mongols, and Russia.' Slavic Review (1982): 477-493. Craughwell, Thomas J. (February 1, 2010).
Fair Winds. Kauffman, JE.
The medieval Fortress:Castles, Forts and Walled Cities of the medieval ages. Da Capo Press.
Fagan, Brian (August 1, 2010). The Great Warming:Climate Change and the Rise and Fall of Civilization. Bloomsbury Press.
Penn, Imma (2007). Dogma Evolution & Papal Fallacies:An Unveiled History of Catholicism. AuthorHouse.External links.
ISLAMABAD - Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi spoke to Pakistan's prime minister-in-waiting, Imran Khan, Monday evening, congratulating him for his election victory and calling for both countries to “adopt a joint strategy” for improving bilateral ties.Khan’s Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) emerged as the largest political party in the July 25 parliamentary polls and appears set to lead a coalition federal government as well as in Punjab, politically important and the most populous of the country's four provinces.“India desires progressive relations with Pakistan. Both countries must adopt a joint strategy to develop and strengthen better ties,” Modi told Khan, according to a statement by PTI.
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